Strategies for developing speaking skills in a beginning level

Minimal responses to develop listening comprehension in a beginning level.

Students often think that the ability to listen a language is the product of language learning, but listening is also a crucial part of the language learning process.

 Effective instructors teach students listening comprehension strategies -- using minimal responses, recognizing scripts, and using language to talk about language -- that they can use to help themselves expand their knowledge of the language and their confidence in using it. These instructors help students learn to recognise some words and utterances which the  students can use  in a conversation.

1. Using minimal responses

Language learners who lack confidence in their ability to participate successfully in oral interaction often listen in silence while others do the talking. One way to encourage such learners to begin to participate is to help them build up a stock of minimal responses that they can use in different types of exchanges. Such responses can be especially useful for beginners.

Minimal responses are predictable, often idiomatic phrases that conversation participants use to indicate understanding, agreement, doubt, and other responses to what another speaker is saying. Having a stock of such responses enables a learner to focus on what the other participant is saying, without having to simultaneously plan a response.

2. Recognizing scripts

Some communication situations are associated with a predictable set of spoken exchanges -- a script. Greetings, apologies, compliments, invitations, and other functions that are influenced by social and cultural norms often follow patterns or scripts. So do the transactional exchanges involved in activities such as obtaining information and making a purchase. In these scripts, the relationship between a speaker's turn and the one that follows it can often be anticipated.

Instructors can help students develop speaking ability by making them aware of the scripts for different situations so that they can predict what they are going to hear and what they are going to say as response.It can be through interactive activities, instructors can give students practice in managing and varying the language that different scripts contain.

3. Using language to talk about language

Language learners are often too embarrassed or shy to say anything when they do not understand another speaker or when they realize that a conversation partner has not understood them. Instructors can help students overcome this reticence by assuring them that misunderstanding and the need for clarification can occur in any type of interaction, whatever the participants' language skill levels. Instructors can also give students strategies and phrases to use for clarification and comprehension check.

By encouraging students to use clarification phrases in class when misunderstanding occurs, and by responding positively when they do, instructors can create an authentic practice environment within the classroom itself. As they develop control of various clarification strategies, students will get confidence in their ability to manage the various communication situations that they may encounter outside the classroom.

These are really useful  for developiing listening comprehension in a beginning level but i am going to focus just in "Minimal Responses" as the aid strategy and it was got from The National Capital Resource Center from Whashington.DC.(2003-2004)

http://www.nclrc.org/essentials/speaking/stratspeak.htm

Note.- I made some changes of my topic so it does not seem to have relation with the video as you realise.

Mind map of public speaking

Public Speaking

The objective  is how to make a appropiate and accuracy in a  public speaking.

In this mind map put a public speaking  how the main idea then we have "Speaker" who is the person that is speaking infront of the audience and "Listener" who is the person who picks up the message so they are both important aspects that we have to take into account because they are interacting all the time during the speaking public and the Communicator must be an appropiate and accuracy speech because he or she is going to convey the idea o the message that he or she wants to share with the audience.
Now,we  have a message that is very important because  the prime purpose in the  speaking public  is to share ideas,thoughts and experiences and the Communicator has to be carefully with the words that he or she uses beacause the audience has to understand and comprehend very well what the speaker is saying when the speaker make the speech.
And also we need to know what kind of message is for example If the message is intentional : we have an image in our mind that we wish to convey to the audience in a conversation with relative accuracy and if the message is unintentional: It is sent that we wish to convey is not the same as the message.




2.-Guidelines for Public Speaking 

How to have a successful speech?, if you want to know the answer  you need to take into account these important aspects :

Delivering Your Speech:
Impromtup: Giving answer to a question or express your opinion during a meeting
Extemporaneus: It is when the speaker present her or his ideas freely using only an outline or key words and Manuscript (a written a text an are delivered wor for word)

Appearance and body language:
Appearance: making  sure to find out what clothing is appropiate for the occasion,eye contact (make sure you mantain eye contact with the audience),facial expressions (an appropiate facial expressions can connect with your audience and reinforce the cont of your speech) and gestures (you can use these to establicsh contact with the audience and provide visual support for your message)

Vocal behavior: It is the waythat  we use pitch,rate and volume when we speak

Audiovisual support: Using posters, overhead transparencies, computer presentations, graphic, audiorecoordings)

Questions and answer-sessions: you may to invite questions with the audoience.Even though you won´t know precisly what the listeners will ask, many questions can be predicted)


There are different kind of speeches:


Narrative speech . It tells us a story and it has 5 parts:  opener, orientation, complicated events,resolution and coda.

Demonstration speech: it shows how something works or how something is done.

Informative speech: it aims to educate the audience.

Persuasive speech:it is to convince the audience.

Speech on special ocations: There are a number of occasions that call for short speeches.


Finally , i am going to show you my video that it explains a little more about this topic and it says what is the importance of speaking public and why  it is useful in our life? so you do not have to loose my video because it could be really useful for you so please watching my video.